Understanding Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults and Kids

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that can occur in adults and children, but the causes, as well as the outcomes, may differ. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by damage to the kidneys’ small filters, glomeruli, which inappropriately allows too much protein to leak into the urine. 

As the kidneys lose protein, it alters the fluid balance of the body, leading to swelling (edema) in various regions of the body, weight gain/loss and other complications.

What Exactly Happens in Nephrotic Syndrome?

Glomeruli in a healthy kidney act as fine sieves: they filter waste and retain necessary proteins. When the filters are damaged, proteins like albumin leak into the urine. The loss of blood proteins disrupts the way the body regulates fluids, which results in swelling in the legs, ankles, face, or abdomen. Over time this can also lead to increased cholesterol and an increased risk of infections or blood clots.

Causes in Adults vs. Children

The etiology of nephrotic syndrome differs according to age.

• In Adults: In adults, nephrotic syndrome is often secondary to other diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy or certain infections and systemic illnesses, such as lupus. Other causes are chronic medications and autoimmune disorders.
• In Children: The most common cause is minimal change disease (MCD). In MCD, kidney tissue appears normal under the microscope but fails to function. The majority of children will respond well to therapy, but will relapse.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Signs of nephrotic syndrome can develop gradually or occur suddenly. Adults and children may experience:

• Swelling around the eyes, especially in the morning
• Swelling in your feet, ankles or abdomen
• Foamy or frothy urine caused by high amounts of protein
• Rapid weight gain from retained fluid
• Fatigue or decrease in appetite

These symptoms may seem to present similarly to other health conditions so do not make self-diagnoses, a doctor can diagnose nephrotic syndrome through urine and blood testing.

Treatment Approaches

The treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on the underlying cause and controlling symptoms. 

• In children with MCD, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medications are especially prescribed.
• Some medications for blood pressure are given to protect kidney function and to limit protein loss.
• The treatment will vary, but dietary changes such as low salt intake may help with swelling.
• Finding a solution for underlying issues like diabetes or lupus in adults is also important. 

In some cases, the physician will examine the patient frequently to check progress and needed changes in treatment protocols, as the condition may have flared up again or progressed or relapsed differently than other patients.

Living with Nephrotic Syndrome

There are many patients, both adult and child, who are able to navigate nephrotic syndrome with some success with proper care. A routine follow-up with a nephrologist is vital. Simple things like adhering to a healthy diet, having a good sleep schedule and adhering to medication dosages can make huge change outcomes.

At Sugam Hospital,  where kidney issues can be treated as needed with the support of the services in diagnostics and the support of a nephrology specialist. For example, if it is an active monitoring scenario from child to relapses; or, dealing with an intricate adult patient, that is managed around intervention from an expert and there are greater outcomes for management of the condition.

Nephrotic syndrome doesn’t need to be complicated, and with an early diagnosis, correct treatment, and specialist support, patients can do well with nephrotic syndrome whether adult or child. If you are you, or you know someone experiencing symptoms such as swelling, foamy urine output, or unexplained tiredness, seeking early intervention from an expert is helpful. Looking at advanced care and treatment of kidney issues, the best nephrologist in Chennai is always happy to assist patients at Sugam Hospital for cases such as nephrotic syndrome.